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close this bookEpidemiologic Surveillance after Natural Disaster (PAHO - OPS; 1982; 105 pages) [FR] [ES]
close this folderPart 2 : Annexes
View the documentAnnex 1 : List of key epidemiologic contacts in the western hemisphere
View the documentAnnex 2 : Pan American health organization country offices and centers
View the documentAnnex 3 : PAHO/WHO collaborating centers and reference laboratories for selected communicable diseases of public health importance
View the documentAnnex 4 : Summary of sanitation requirements during disasters
View the documentAnnex 5 : Factors to be considered in relation to vaccination in emergencies
View the documentAnnex 6 : References

Annex 4 : Summary of sanitation requirements during disasters

Source: M. Assar. Guide to Sanitation in National Disasters, pp. 113-1 15. The World Health Organization, 1971.

During evacuation

Water

Minimum 3 liters (0.8 US gal) per person per day in cold and temperature climates. Minimum 6 liters (1 1/2 US gal) per person per day in hot climates. Water from suspected sources must be boiled or disinfected.

Waste disposal

All-purpose trench: depth 60 cm (2 ft); width 45 cm (1 ft 6 in); length 3 m (10 ft) per 1000 persons.

Food

Non-perishable, not requiring cooking.

During relief operations

Tent camps

Site:
slope of land and nature of soil favoring easy drainage;
protected from adverse weather conditions;
away from mosquito breeding-places and refuse dumps;
away from commercial and industrial zones.

Layout:
area 3-4 hectares per 1000 persons (330-440 ft2 per person);
width of roads 10 m (33 ft);
minimum distance between tent pegs and edge of road 2 m (7 It);
minimum distance between tents 8 m (26 ft);
minimum floor area in tent 3 m2 (33 ft2) per person.

Water distribution:
minimum capacity of tanks 200 liters (50 US gal);
maximum distance from farthest tent 100 m (330 It).

Refuse containers:
metallic with tight lid;
capacity 50-100 liters (13-26 US gal);
1 for every 4-8 tents or 25-50 persons.

Latrine accommodation:
5-6 seats per 100 persons;
distance from tents 30-50 m (100-160) ft).

Washing:
ablution bench, doubled-sided, 3 m (10 ft) long;
2 for every 100 persons.

Buildings

Accommodation:
minimum floor area 3,5m2 (40 ft2) per pet-son;
minimum air space 10m2 (350 ft3) per person;
minimum air circulation 30m2 (1100 ft3) per person per hour;
minimum distance between beds 75 cm (2 ft 6 in).

Washing:
1 hand basin for every 10 persons, or I wash bench, 4-5 m (13-17 ft)
in length, for every 100 persons;
1 shower head for 50 persons in temperate climates, 1 for every 30
persons in hot climates;
separate blocks for men and women.

Toilet accommodation:
1 seat for every 25 women, 1 seat and 1 urinal for every 35 men; maximum distance from building 50 m (160 ft).

Refuse containers:
capacity 50-100 liters (13-26 US gal), 1 for every 12-25 persons.

Water supply

Daily consumption:
field hospitals 40-60 liters (10-15 US gal) per person;
mass feeding centers 20-30 liters (5-8 US gal) per person;
temporary shelters and camps 15-20 liters (4-5 US gal) per person;
washing installations 35 liters (10 US gal) per person.

Water disinfection:
routine residual chlorine 0.7 mg/liter;
disinfection of pipes: 50 mg available chlorine per liter for 24 hour's
contact, or 100 mg available chlorine per liter for 1 hour's contact;
disinfection of wells and springs: 50-100 mg per liter for 12 hours.

Water protection:
distance between water source and source of pollution 30 m (100 ft)

Protection of wells:
impervious casing 30 cm (1 ft) above and 3 m (10 ft) below ground surface;
radius of concrete platform around well 1 m (3 ft 3 in);
radius of fenced area 50 m (160 ft);
bottom of cesspools and latrines 1.5-3 m (5-10 ft) above water table.

Water storage:
capacity sufficient for 1/2-1 day on the basis of the mean daily consumption.

Water quality:
total dissolved solids: less than 1500 mg/liters;
chlorides: less than 600 mg/liter;
coliform organisms: MPN1 1-10.

Latrines

Shallow trench latrine:
width 30 cm (I ft) or as narrow as it can be dug;
depth 90-150 cm (3-5 ft);
length 3.0-3.5 m (10-12 ft) per 100 persons.

Deep trench latrine:
width 75-90 cm (2 ft 6 in-3 ft);
depth 1.8-2.4 m (6-8 ft);
length 3-3.5 m (10-12 ft) per 100 persons.

Bore hole latrine:
diameter 40 cm (16 in);
depth 5-6 m (16-20 ft);
1 for every 20 persons.

Refuse disposal

Trench:
width 1.5 m (5 ft);
depth 2 m (7 ft);
length I m (3 ft 3 in) per 200 persons, so that the trench is filled in one week;
depth of compact earth cover 40 cm (16 in);
time allowed for decomposition 4-6 months.

Food sanitation

Disinfection of eating utensils: boiling water for 5 minutes; or: chlorine solution, 100 mg/liter for 30 seconds; or; quarternary ammonium compounds, 200 mg/liter for 2 minutes.

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